Age-related macular degeneration primarily affects which retinal region?

• A. Macula
• B. Optic nerve head
• C. Peripheral retina
• D. Choroid

Answer: (A)

Age-related macular degeneration targets the macula, the central retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. The macula contains the fovea at its center, where cone density is highest and visual acuity is maximal. In AMD, degenerative changes affect the retinal pigment epithelium and outer retina in this central area (and related Bruch’s membrane and choroidal structures), leading to central vision loss or distortion. Because the peripheral retina retains function longer, peripheral vision often remains intact in early stages. The other regions—optic nerve head, peripheral retina, and the choroid underneath—are not where AMD primarily causes pathological changes.